Understanding UTIs: Symptoms, Causes, Risks and Prevention
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is generally caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract. It can affect the urethra, bladder or kidneys, although the bladder is the most commonly affected site, explains urologist Gautam Pipara of ILS Hospital, Salt Lake.
What are the common symptoms of a UTI?
Typical symptoms include a burning or painful sensation while urinating, frequent or urgent urination, passing only small amounts of urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen. Urine may also appear cloudy or bloody and may have a strong or unpleasant smell.
Why are women more prone to UTIs?
Women have a shorter urethra than men, and it is located closer to the anus. This makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. The risk can also increase with factors such as sexual activity, pregnancy and menopause.
Can men get UTIs?
Yes, men can also develop UTIs. In men, an infection may be associated with conditions such as an enlarged prostate, difficulty emptying the bladder, urinary stones, catheter use or other problems affecting the urinary tract. A UTI in men generally warrants medical evaluation to identify any underlying cause.
Can a UTI spread to the kidneys?
Yes. If a bladder infection is not treated appropriately, bacteria can travel up the ureters and cause a kidney infection, known as pyelonephritis. Symptoms such as fever, chills, vomiting, or pain in the side or back can indicate that the infection has reached the kidneys. These symptoms require prompt medical attention.
Can UTIs come back?
Some people, particularly women, experience recurrent UTIs. Repeated infections may result from reinfection or an underlying issue such as incomplete bladder emptying, urinary stones, obstruction of urine flow or an anatomical abnormality. People with recurrent infections should consult a doctor and undergo appropriate evaluation rather than repeatedly self-treating.
How can UTIs be prevented?
The risk of developing a UTI may be reduced by drinking adequate water, avoiding holding urine for prolonged periods, emptying the bladder completely and maintaining good genital hygiene. Cleaning properly after using the toilet and urinating after sexual activity may also help reduce the risk.
When should you see a doctor?
Burning or pain during urination does not always indicate a UTI. If the symptom is persistent or keeps returning, particularly when accompanied by fever, blood in the urine or severe pain, medical evaluation is advisable. Pregnant women and men with urinary symptoms should also consult a doctor. A urine test may help determine the cause, and antibiotics should not be taken without medical advice.
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